Introduction and History of Psychology

1. Ask your parent, grandparent, sibling, or a friend that has not taken this course what they think an industrial and organizational psychologist is? Were they close? During lunch with a friend, we began discussing how school was going for each of us and I thought of this week's assignment. I asked my friend what she thought I/O psychology was. While she knew it had something to due with behaviors and work, she was unable to really specify what I/O psychology actually is.   She was quite surprised when I explained it to her. When asked the question, she was partially right. The word â€Å"psychology† gave her the impression that it was psychology, or behavior related; and the word â€Å"organization† led her to believe it was work-related. I think what likely stumped her was the word â€Å"industrial†; it is not a word most people would associate with psychology. 2. Why do you think so few people know about this field? As mentioned previously, most people wouldn't associate â€Å"industrial† with psychology. â€Å"Organizational† is a word that most people are familiar with and naturally assume that it refers to a job or the workplace. I think most people would likely associate many of the functions of an I/O psychologist with those of those of the human resource department (HRD). Many people working in medium-to-large organizations are familiar with the evaluations, assessments and programs conducted in the HRD. It is possible that many people would not consider the functions listed on the SIOP website as areas of I/O psychologist functions, as these functions are associated with the HRD. Examples of these functions include; legal, workplace health, compensation and benefits, employee behavior, employee issues, WorkLife programs and performance evaluations and assessments (SIOP Brochure, sect. 5, 2006). 3. Do you think it would help if we changed the name of the field to something else, like â€Å"Work Psychology†? If the name of the field were to change, what other names would be more descriptive of what we do? It might be helpful to change I/O psychology to a more familiar term in order to increase familiarity with the work and services of I/O psychologists. If the name of the field was to change, I think it should encompass the services of helping employees achieve satisfaction in their place of employment. The various job titles of I?O psychologists listed on the SIOP website is an example of why people may not know of I/O psychology and related services; there are so many different titles. SIOP, for example, lists the following human resource related job functions: â€Å"Corporate Vice President, Director, Manager, Staff Member of Organizational Development, Management Development, Human Resources Research, Employee Relations, Training and Development, and Leadership Development† (sect. 7).  Names that come to mind that may be suitable for replacing the term I/O psychology are:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Employee Relations Psychology  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Workforce and Organization Psychology  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Employer and Employee Developmental Psychology 4. Let me know why you are taking this course and what you hope to learn from this class. I am taking this course to continue learning about the various fields of psychology in order to eventually discover which field I am most interested in pursuing. I hope to learn the inner workings of an organization through the functions of an I/O psychologist and how an I/O psychologist can help employees improve their work experience and increase their chances for success.

Bullying and Marsh Et Al Essay

Everyday thousand of teens wake up terrified of attending school. About one in seven schools, a child is either a bully or a victim of bullying. Bullying is simply defined as a type of aggressive behavior that involves intent to cause harm and a power imbalance (Olweus, 1999). Bullying can range anywhere from psychological, physical (involving kicking and punching), verbal or cyber abuse. Bullying among children can be considered as a form of abuse’ (0-). It has been put forward that bullying is a division of aggressive behavior and has been further characterized as repetitive and ‘an inability on behalf of the victim to defend him or herself’ (Farrington, 1993, cited it Sapouna, 2008). We learn from Sapouna (2008) that bullying can take the form of ‘verbal (name calling), physical (hitting, kicking) or relational (deliberate exclusion from a group, spreading of malicious rumors). After extensive research in Scandinavia, Olweus(1993, cited in Kumpulainen et al.,1998) proposed that bullying can be carried out by one or more adolescents and usually occurs on repeated occasions, and to some extent, it occurs in all schools. Recently bullying amongst young people has gain notoriety in the press due to the extreme results it has had on certain young individuals. An example of this is Sian Yates, a 13 year old girl who committed suicide after repeated bullying (Daily Mail, 2007). Despite the press attention given to these cases, the extreme consequence of suicide does not occur in the majority of cases. Victims can suffer from a range of harmful effects such as humiliation, anxiety, depression, difficulty with interpersonal relationships, and emotional instability. This lead to the finding of Kumpulainen et al., (1998) that ‘bullying is a common phenomenon among children who are psychologically disturbed.’ The writer went on to say that there are ‘higher rates of psychological distress among both bullies and victims’ than those not involve. However, the literature is consistent in noting that the ‘bullied victims are the most troubled of the bully, victim, bully –vict im triad’ (Juvonen et al., 2003; Ma, 2001; Pellegrini, 2002; Pellegrini et al., 1999;Salmivalli & Nieminen, 2002, cited in Cunningham, 2007). Should these lead agencies to focus more on protecting the victim? Some schools have decided that the way forward is to have zero tolerance policies. This may include all students who bully. However, if certain researcher’s numbers are correct it could mean excluding from school, forty percent of the school aged population. Given the widespread nature of the problem can zero tolerance really mean, â€Å"Zero tolerance†? We learn from the NHS ‘website teens for health’ (2008) that ‘anyone can be singled out by bullies.’ The NSPCC found that 31 per cent of children had been bullied at some point (Teens for health, 2008). This being the case, can anyone be bullied? Black and Jackson (2007) have put forward that there lies and ‘an imbalance of power’ between the parties involved in bullying. ‘The bully is stronger through social status, physical prowess, age, cognitive abilities or skill.’ Is this imbalance of power the sa me across the genders? There is an extensive body of literature that suggests that boys are more likely than girls to be bullies as well as victims (Nansel et al.2001; Boulton & Smith, 1994; Boulton & Underwood, 1992, cited in Marsh, Parada, Craven, &Finger, 2004). This doesn’t mean girls cannot be bullies. Stephenson and Smith (1989, cited in Kumpulainen et al., 1998) found that girls as well as boys fitted into the ‘five main groups of people involved in bullying’. These are: ‘dominating bullies, anxious bullies, bully-victims, classical victims, and provocative victims.’ These traits were also found by Sourander,Helstelà ¤, Helenius and Piha (2000) to have clinical implications. Sourander et al., (2000) noted that ‘Bullying is especially associated with aggressive and antisocial behavior while victimization is associated with internalizing problems.’ Whitney and Smith, (1989, cited in Kumpulainen et al., 1998) found ‘bullies to be more prone to have criminal convictions later in life, and more likely to be involved in serious, recidivist crime’. Are criminal convections later in life a fair punishment for their actions? Or should something be done to help the bully? This leads to the question as what is the nature of these young people that make them prone to being a victim or a bully. In the search for a personality construct, many researchers have come to the agreement that ‘bullies are deficient in social information processing or may be intellectually disadvantaged’ (Besag, 1989, cited in Marsh et al., 2004). The work of Crick and Dodge (1994, cited in Marsh et al., 2004) explained that bullies responses to social situations are being met with a filtration process. This ‘cognitive filter’ is based on an aggressive individual interpreting neutral or ambiguous cues as hostile and therefore, making them more likely to engage in aggressive behaviors’ (Marsh et al., 2004). This was also seen to be the case in Bosworth, Espelage, and Simon (1999, cited in Marsh et al., 2004) when ‘a sample of adolescent high school students showed that misconduct, anger, and beliefs supportive of violence were significantly related to bullying behaviors’. Although bullying is an aggressive act, this does not imply that bullies and aggressive or conduct-disordered individuals are a homogenous group. Sutton et al (1999, cited in Marsh, 2004) put forward that bullies were part of a complex environment where they are require to ‘negotiate and attribute mental states to themselves and others to explain or predict their behavior.’ This idea contravenes the notion that ‘bullies are cognitively inept or simple in their inte ractions with peers’ (Sutton et al 1999, cited in Marsh, 2004). References â€Å"Bullying†. Violence Prevention. 1 Dec. 2012 http://www.violencepreventionworks.org/public/olweus_history.page Dawkins, J. L. (1996). Bullying, physical disability and the pediatric patient. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 38 603-612. Espelage, D. L., Holt M. K., & Henkel, R. R. (2003). Examination of peer group contextuals effects on aggressive behavior during early adolescence. Child development, 74, 205-220. Pelligrini, A. D. (2002) Bullying and victimization in schools: A Dominance relations perspective . Educational Psychologist, 37, 151-163.

August, Osage County Essay

The theater darkens, crowd’s light chatter subsides, and stage lights focus our attention on a magnificent structure. It’s a traditional farmhouse, with all your typical nooks and crannies, so big it juts out into the audience as if forcing us into this structure. The farmhouse is big. Three floors of potential activity kind of big. After over 3 hours of incredibly well acted scenes and biting dialogue I found myself contemplating: is the star of this show actually the set itself? August, Osage County is a compelling drama about a family in crisis. They’re dealing with problems from the past and issues from the present. The family has a complex history of intertwining story lines where everyone seems to be unravelling, all in this farmhouse. At the beginning of the story, the characters are reunited for the first time in years due to the death of the family patriarch, Beverly Weston. From the moment everyone is together in the same house (and on the same stage) you get a feel for how divided and disconnected this family actually is. This division is expertly paralleled in the different rooms of the house. Each room seemed to represent a different character or couple of characters. For example, the office den the story’s first scene opens in is representative of the character Beverly Weston: cluttered, old, and now dead. When any of the characters were in that room they seemed to reminisce about good times and old memories, much like Beverly did, who was tormented by a certain significant memory, which becomes the main plot revelation in the third act. The energy of the set could be measured by the house aesthetics. When the lights were on and up, the characters were lively and the dialogue was colorful. Once the lights would dim and characters would scurry off to their sleeping quarters they were confined to their own emotions, setting the mood for their surroundings, or was it the surroundings setting the mood for them? The way the set was â€Å"dressed† also revealed quite a bit about the family. The farmhouse was clustered with rich, atmospheric trinkets and furniture that subconsciously gave us (the audience) more depth into the lives of these people. The storage closet on the top floor, packed to the maximum with items never explored or mentioned in the story, is symbolic of the old, dusty secrets the family is hiding from one another. I found myself  thinking about that storage closet after the play was over. It wasn’t necessary to have for the purpose of acting out the play, but was most definitely included to add a visual aid in telling the story and providing some subtle metaphor. This family was full of secrets, packed to the brim and unexplored. Issues locked tightly behind closed doors. Johnna, the only character outside the family to live in the house, has her personal space where she sleeps up in the attic on the third floor, right next to that previously mentioned storage closet†¦ the one full of secrets. A heavy metaphor for her window into the lives of this family presented itself to me as I thought more about the proximity of her space to that closet. Here she was, a complete outsider with no personal history with this family, yet throughout the story various members of the Weston house would confide in her, even more than they did their own kin. Johnna is front and center in the pivotal final scene. The tormented mother Violet Weston, now all alone in her house after all the family secrets had been revealed and left out in the open to ferment, searches her home for anyone to talk to. Between floors in the farmhouse, which in itself speaks of where the characters might be in life, Johnna recites the haunting words from a T.S. Elliot poem: â€Å"This is the way the world ends, this is the way the world ends†. Lights out. The exit lights turn from dim to bright, the audience begins to clap as the cast makes their way to the front of the stage to take their bow, and I take one more look at all the colorful, twisted, complex characters, including the enormously complex and layered—literally—character of the farmhouse, who could unfortunately not bow.

Risk Management in Panama Canal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Risk Management in Panama Canal - Essay Example The papers highlight different risk analysis techniques that are applicable in analyzing risk, in Panama Canal. Risk analysis techniques used in forecasting are categorized in either qualitative or quantitative method. Qualitative techniques base their finds and conclusions on opinions and feelings of individuals. These include opinions and judgments of experts, consumers or scholars. Quantitative methods of risk analysis are based on numerical records over in the period. Quantitative analysis of different categories of project requirements and resources are recorded in the paper. The analysis includes meaning, standard deviation and means of all categories of resources, possible risks, costs, and conditions necessary for the Panama Canal project.The paper comprises of different steps and procedures taken in the development of the Panama Canal as highlighted by Kendrick (2006). Identification of the work and deliverables was the first step carried out in Panama Canal. Secondly, there was the organization of project work and clear determination of work breakdown structure on the Panama Canal project. Most of Stevens’s effects were utilized in the preparation of the initial work on the canal. Work breakdown structure is then decomposed into lower-level components that would be functional. These components are assigned identification codes. Lastly, examination of decomposition is carried out to assess whether the decomposed components are complete and clear.

The personal income and wealth levels in the United Kingdom Essay

The personal income and wealth levels in the United Kingdom - Essay Example The issue of personal incomes and wealth have gained centre focus especially in the aftermath of the global economic crisis that highlighted unethical practices in use by top business executives. This report will try to explore these claims in light of statistical data so that these claims can be substantiated with a solid background. Monitoring personal income and wealth levels is necessary around the world in order to classify the income disparity between the top and bottom earners in society. This also helps to define the local poverty indices as it provides the amount of people living below the poverty line. The wealth of a country can also be defined using a detailed measure of personal incomes and wealth because such a measure is better than using the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita which is seen as rough measure only. A number of different methods are usually utilised in order to describe personal income and wealth including: Individual incomes before tax; Income distr ibution as per age classifications; Income distribution as per regions; Income distribution as per job types; Post tax household income; Wealth levels; Sources of income. A number of other measures may also be specified such as the disposable income depending on the statistical availability of such data. However, such measures are generally more supported in the North American domain which is unlike current practice in the European domain. Given that this report will be concerned with personal income and wealth levels in the United Kingdom, so data extraction and statistical classification will be limited to its geographic domains. By presenting the statistical objects of personal income and wealth related above, this report will try to classify the level of poverty and income disparity in the United Kingdom. 3. Data Collection Methodology A number of different sources offer information relating to personal income and wealth levels but most of these sources are unreliable. In the Un ited Kingdom, the real sources to extract such information are the Office for National Statistics (ONS) and Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs (HRMC). These sources derive information from tax collection levels as well as other estimates and measurements which tend to lend them an air of credibility that is unchallengeable. For the purposes of this report the information that has been collected, analysed and displayed has been derived solely from ONS and HRMC. This information is freely available online on the official portals of both official websites. Furthermore, this information is presented in these domains with appropriate noise removal and smoothing which tends to enhance the quality of data being employed. Information relating to personal income and wealth is extensive making it hard to classify and manipulate so data extraction has been limited to the post 1990 period alone. The global economic crisis lies in the wake of the early twenty first century ensuring that th e information extracted is relevant and appropriate. 4. Data Presentation When the United Kingdom is compared to other nations, it becomes clear that the United Kingdom is a wealthy country. Within the United Kingdom there are no people who live on less than four pounds a day worth of income. The global poverty line was used at $1 per day (Sachs, 2005) which was revised in 2008 by the World Bank which raised its level to $1.25 per day (Ravallion et al., 2009). When these figures are compared to each other it becomes

Sandy Hook Evacuation plans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sandy Hook Evacuation plans - Essay Example Rousseau later hid most of the students into the bathroom before the shooter arrived in the classroom. Altimari, Mahony & Lender (2013) explained that Diane Day, the school therapist together with teachers and students withdrew to the gymnasium and locked the door. Most teachers while in hidden safety places protected the students and dialed 911 for help. Some teachers communicated through cell phones on the appropriate measures to evacuate students from the school. The school bus driver together with some students ran to a nearby home for protection. The entire neighborhood after hearing the shootings in the school decided to offer help to the children. Some neighbors with cars drove into the school and rescued some students to safer areas outside the school (Altimari, Mahony, & Lender, 2013). Rick Throne, a custodian in the school, rescued six first-grade students to a nearby gas station before calling the police for help. The Newton police on arrival at the scene evacuated the survivors room by room. Altimari, Mahony & Lender (2013) demonstrated that the police escorted groups of teacher and students from the hiding places away from the school. Danbury Hospital ambulance arrived at the scene and evacuated the wounded patients to the hospital for treatment. Altimari, D., Mahony, H.E., & Lender, J. (March 13, 2013). Newtown shootings: Adam Lanza Researched Mass Murderers, Sources Say. Hartford Courant. Retrieved from

Case 1 Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

1 - Case Study Example In the current allocation, male athletes are allocated $36, 760, female athletes allocated $29, 084 thus making the difference to be $7, 676hence taking KSU away from complying with the Title IX because it does not relate well with the indirect costs used in the scenario. The total cost per male and female student athlete if football is eliminated will be 29, 101for male and29084 for women. The total cost per women did not change because they did not participate in football. However, the total cost per men reduced because the number of footballers was reduced. The current cost per athlete is almost average making it fair in terms of Title IX. 3. Additional of female’s hockey team will reduce the cost per female athlete from 29, 084 to 25,689 while the cost per athlete for male athletes will remain unchanged. This will be against Title IX because the difference in cost is higher per athlete thus implying that less cost is allocated per female compared to what is put for male athletes. The additional cost will reduce the direct cost while indirect cost will remain unchanged though the increase in number of female athletes will mean that indirect cost will be reduced. The institution should ensure that the total cost per athlete is equal regardless of gender as stated by Title IX. That is the only sure way they can comply with the act. 4. When the number of events is used as a basis of calculating indirect cost, the total indirect cost for male athletes will be 3.817,029 while that for female athletes will be 4,061,469. In that regard, the total cost per athlete will be 33, 6262 for males while that of females will be 34, 904. This is fairer as per the Title IX because the cost per athlete is slightly close implying that the organization allocates almost similar amount of cost to all the athletes regardless of their age. Female athletes have more events

Report of Electronic Commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Report of Electronic Commerce - Essay Example A conclusion will then summarise the findings and present the final thought. E-commerce is buying and selling of goods and services online, usually through the internet (Information System Audit and Control Association, 2006, p.218 - 222). Global electronic commerce revenue for 2000 was in the region of $286 billion; a figure which was expected to increase to $500 billion in 2001 and to $3 trillion by 2004. 'According to Interactive Media in Retail Group (IMRG), an industry body for electronic retailing, British online retail sales rose by more than 60% from a year earlier in June 2006, totaling 2.26bn that month. British online retail sales totaled 13.5bn in the first half of 2006, according to IMRG' (Global Technology Forum, 2006). This rapid increase reflects the fact that electronic commerce has a number of advantages over paper-based commerce: in particular, speed and reducing the cost of doing business. E-commerce allows organisations to reach to a wider range of audience than what a traditional brick-and-mortar shop can ever do. With e-commerce, companies can serve globally. The entire world becomes the target market depending on the type of business. For a book store like Glasgow Books, this presents an opportunity to extend to not only in Glasgow but throughout Scotland and perhaps in other parts of Europe as well, with passage of time. Availability An online shop is open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week and 365 days a year. The customers can read about the books, and can make transactions any time they like, through the comfort of their homes, without having to physically come to the shop for making purchases. Low Costs In the long run, technology costs to establish an online book store is much lesser than what it must spend to maintain a physical store. The cost of advertising and marketing over the internet is minimal. Customer Relationship Management E-Commerce solutions provide an effective way to keep in contact with customers, record customers' likes and dislikes, and develop a targeted marketing campaign as per the customers' tastes and wants. For example, Glasgow Books, by using an e-commerce system, can keep records of customers' preferences for books and can contact customers as and when new editions and/ or new books relating to that particular subject arrive. Accurate Armour, a manufacturer of military models, developed their website in 2003 when

Analysis of architecture work and theory of Peter Esienman Essay

Analysis of architecture work and theory of Peter Esienman - Essay Example A series of deconstructivist rectilinear box like houses designed as experiments in geometry and philosophy, were known initially only by numerals (I to X). Eisenman predominantly used grids as an organizing principle in this set of his earlier work. He experimented and investigated a variety of theoretical ideas including the notion of deep structure, a proposition that there is a universal, underlying ordering device that is the natural and logical generator of a design. The later larger design compositions reflect geometries derived from historical references or from circumstances of the building site. The Wexner Center for the Arts (1983-1989) at Ohio State University is a remarkable example for this. The House VI displays unclear structural functions. The house was designed primarily as an exercise in geometric autonomy. It represents efficient method of construction but labeled by many critics as having futile construction elements. The house is constructed using primarily a post and beam system, with box beams and large dimension timbers forming the major elements of the structural system. The building is a study in the relationships between the actual structure and the architectural theory. Many of the forms that appear structural are actually included to reinforce the concepts behind the design and not essentially for the purpose of providing structural strength and stability to the building. The design displays non practical and philosophical use of structural elements such as an exterior column that does not reach the ground and a linear design element in the bedroom floor which created practical problems and disallowed the owners to use it in a desirable manner. The spatial organization of spaces also displays antagonistic planning. He practiced the philosophy of "post-functionalism" in architectural designs of the houses in which he added the element of function after the completion of design and the celebrated thinking of ‘form follows the

Virtue and Friendship Essay Example for Free

Virtue and Friendship Essay Friendship is a type of relationship between two people who care about each other. But such a dry definition doesnt do the concept of friendship justice. Consider these examples: A friend is the first person you want to call when you hear good news. A friend remembers that you dont like. In other words, friendship is wonderful, and much ink has been spilled in citing the virtues of having friends. Thats not to say friendship is easy, though. It demands time and effort, and it requires that people put someone other than themselves first sometimes. But in exchange for that work, a friend can provide an immense amount of support and comfort in good times and in bad. Many qualities are necessary for a good friendship, including honesty, trustworthiness, loyalty and unconditional acceptance. A friendship should make both people in the relationship happy; both people should have fun when they spend time together. To be perfectly frank, thats a tall order. Human beings can clash very easily, which is why its hard for some people to maintain many friendships. Its possible that friendship can exist between two people at one stage of life, but life changes and personal growth may make friendship impossible at another stage. It can be hard to meet the people who would make the perfect friend. To draw the conclusion, one can say that friendship is a relationship built on trust and understanding. And it’s hard work for both, to accept each other as they are.

Extraction and Determination of Met and MHA

Extraction and Determination of Met and MHA Determination of Methionine and Methionine Hydroxy Analogue in the Forms of Free or Metal Chelates Contained in Feed Formulations by RP-HPLC M. Salahinejad,* F .Aflaki Abstract: Methionine is often the first or second limiting amino acid in most diets and so is most representative of amino acids fed as nutritional supplements. It commonly supplemented as DL-methionine or as methionine hydroxy analogue. A simple and rapid method for simultaneous extraction and determination of DL-methionine and methionine hydroxy analogue in forms of free or in forms of metal- chelates contained in feed samples is described. The sample extraction procedure was performed using HCl solution and heating in an autoclave or oven, which followed by the addition of EDTA and acetonitrile. Quantification and detection were carried out by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography on a NovaPak C18 column with ultraviolet detection at 214 nm. With a mobile phase consisted of 5% acetonitrile + 1.5% sodiumdihydrogenphosphate in water, the chromatographic run time were 6 min. The detection limit for DL-methionine and methionine hydroxy analogue were 2.33 and 5.46  µg mL− 1 andMAMwith the relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) was 4.4 and 7.3% (C = 10  µg mL−1, n = 5) respectively. The recoveries of methionine and methionine hydroxy analogue in feed samples were > 97%. Keywords: Methionine hydroxy analogue, DL-methionine, Metal-chelates, Reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) Introduction For optimum health and performance, the animals diets must contain adequate quantities of all nutrients needed, including amino acid. The essential amino acid furthest below the level needed to build protein is known as limiting amino acid. The shortage of limiting amino acid will constrain animal growth, reduce feed efficiency and in extreme cases cause a nutritional deficiency [1]. Methionine and lysine considered the most limiting amino acids in most animal diets. Supplementation of methionine may be accomplished by the addition of DL-methionine or the hydroxyl analogue of methionine (DL-2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid) [2]. Fig. 1 represents the structures of DL-methionine (Met) and methionine hydroxy analogue (MHA). Organic forms like metal chelates of transition metal ions in particular Zinc (II), Copper (II) and Manganese (II) with amino acids and peptides are widely used in animal feeding as they appear to induce as faster growth and better resistance to various diseases in comparison with the simple inorganic salts [3]. It has been suggested that these effects are correlated with the improved metal bio-availability. The chelates are absorbed in the small intestine, possibly using transporters for amino acids small peptides [4]. Many forms of metal complexes with amino acid chelates and hydrolyzed proteins are commercially available, as metal amino acid chelates and complexed chelated (metal) proteinates (CCP) respectively [5-7]. The methionine hydroxyl analogue largely used in animal nutrition as a source of methionine, forms stable chelates with divalent metals of formula [{CH3SCH2CH2CHOHCOO}2 M].nH2O [8]. Several methods have been used for DL-methionine determination including ion exchange chromatography in combination with pre or post column derivatization [9] and amino acid analyzer [10]. These methods are not applicable to the determination of methionine hydroxy analogue because it contains ÃŽ ±-hydroxy instead of ÃŽ ±-amino group (Fig.1). Gas chromatography [10] electrophoresis [11] and high performance chromatography [12-14] were used for determination of MHA. (a) (b) Fig.1. Structures of (a) DL-methionine and (b) methionine hydroxy analogue. The use of so-called variant recipes in the production of industrial feeds causes that in practice the analyst encounters a differentiated and unknown composition of the so-called matrix, i.e. the elements of a feed mixture that in many cases made it hard to isolate and at times even make it impossible to mark MHA in the environment of a feed mixture [15]. Moreover the accurate determination of methionine and methionine hydroxy analogue contained in the metallic chelates of feeds depended on complete releasing of methionine and methionine hydroxy analogue from metals. The purpose of the paper was to develop and evaluate the method of simultaneous determination of MHA and Met in forms of free or in forms of chelates in compound feed samples. Material and Methods Apparatus Chromatographic determination were performed on a Waters Liquid Chromatograph which consisted of Waters 1525 Binary HPLC pump, Waters 2487 Dual ÃŽ » absorbance detector, Breeze data processing system and C18 NovaPack column. An adjustable rocker shaker (Cole- Parmer ® 60Hz) and a feed grinder to facilitate sample preparation were used. Reagents and standards The stock standard solution of Met and MHA was prepared weekly using DL- Methionine (extra pure, Merck) and Alimet (commercial name of the hydroxy-analogue of methionine containing 89.7% MHA in 0.1 N HCl respectively. All working solutions were prepared by diluting the stock standards as necessary. Deionized distilled water obtained from a Milli-Q system (Millipore, Milford, USA) was used for standard dilutions and other necessary preparations. All other chemicals such as NaH2PO4, extra pure; acetonitril, isocratic grade; EDTA (disodium salt) 99%, HCl 37%, orthophosphoric acid 85% and sodium hydroxyl, analytical reagent grade, were supplied by Merck. Sample preparation Aliquots of finely ground samples (mean particle size of 600  µm) containing 0.1 gr methionine hydroxy analogues (MHA) or 0.1 gr DL-methionine (Met) in forms of free or in forms of metal-chelates were added in 20 ml of 0.1 N HCl solution and heated in autoclave in steam flow in 120 oC for 5 min or in oven with 90 oC for 20 min. After cooling, by adding 20 ml of EDTA solution (10% W/V) and 5 ml of acetonitrile, the samples were shacked for 10 min and then solutions were filtered using 0.45  µm filter. Volume is filled to 100 ml with distilled water and a proportion of solution injected onto the HPLC column. Fig.2. Chromatogram of the extracted Met and MHA from feed. Chromatographic conditions Separation and quantitation of MHA and Met have been performed with reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The column was NovaPak C18 (150 Ãâ€" 4.6 mm, 5  µm) in ambient temperature. Samples were injected in volumes ranging from 5 to 20  µl using Rehodyne injector. The solvent system for separation of Met and MHA consisted of 5% acetonitrile + 1.5% NaH2PO4 in water. Using this isocratic mobile phase the chromatographic run time was 6 min. After this, a washing step was programmed to 40% acetonitrile in mobile phase so that any residual sample components would be cleaned from the column. The washing step was 5 min and column conditioned by primary mobile phase for 4 min prior the next injection. The flow rate, UV wavelength and detector attenuation used was respectively 1 ml min-1, 214 nm and 0.2 a.u.f.s. The amounts of MHA and Met contained in the samples were determined by interpolating the value of the peak area of calibration curves obtained by inject ing 5, 10, 15, 20 ÃŽ ¼l of mixed standard solution containing 200 mgr L-1 Met and 400 mgr L-1 MHA. The bulk standard was prepared weekly. Fig.2 shows a chromatogram which obtained by injection of the extracted sample solution. Statistical analysis In order to verify differences of effecting factors on extraction efficiency, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied with the level of significance set at 0.05. The SPSS statistical program (SPSS Inc, Illinois, USA) was used to perform all statistical calculations. Results Study of effective factors on extraction efficiency of Met and MHA The effect of various parameters such as temperature, heating time, the presence or absence of hydrochloric acid (variation of pH) and EDTA (as a strong ligand) in the recovery of the Met and MHA in the forms of free or metal-chelates were investigated. Table 1 shows the mean recovery of the Met and MHA in the forms of free or metal-chelates from compounded feed at 90 oC for 20 min in 0.1 N HCl and distilled water. Recovery tests were performed by adding known amounts of different forms of Met and MHA to a compounded feed which its basic elements was: maize, wheat bran, soybean ground grain, fish meal, plant oil, calcium phosphate, mineral vitamin premix. The recovery of free Met and MHA from compounded feed by distilled water was > 96%, while the recovery of Met and MHA from metal-chelate was 95%. Table 1 Mean recovery of the Met and MHA from compounded feed with distilled water and 0.1 N HCl solutions at 90 oC for 20 min. a: n = 4 Different temperatures (25-120 oC) in different period of times (5 min -3 hours) were examined to evaluation of the effects of temperature and heating time in the simultaneous extraction of Met and MHA in both forms. Based on extraction efficiency of the Met and MHA in the forms of free or metal-chelates, three conditions including: Autoclave (T: 120 oC, t: 5 min), Oven (T: 90 oC, t: 20 min) and Room temperature (t: 3 hours) were chosen. The effect of strong ligand such as EDTA on extraction of Met and MHA in forms of metal-chelate was investigated. Table 2 represents the mean recovery of the Met and MHA in forms of metal-chelate in different heating condition (different temperature and time) in the presence or absence of EDTA as a strong ligand. The results illustrated in Table 2 reveal that the extraction of the MHA from MHA metal-chelates in feed was about 94% with heating by autoclave in 120 oC for 5 min or oven at 90 oC for 20 min. By adding the EDTA solution to the samples the recovery of MHA from MHA metal-chelates become > 97%. The recovery of the Met was > 96% even in ambient temperature and ETDA do not show a considerable effect on the Met recovery from the feed. Table 2 Mean recovery of Met and MHA (0.1 N HCl solution) in three different conditions: Autoclave (T: 120 oC, t: 5 min), Oven (T: 90 oC, t: 20 min), Room temperature: (T: 27 oC, t: 3 hours) Analytical performance of the method Quality variables including the limit of detection (LOD) and precision, as the relative standard deviation (R.S.D.), were investigated to evaluate the analytical performance of the proposed method. According to the IUPAC identification [16] the limit of detection (LOD, 3ÃŽ ´) of the proposed method was 2.33 and 5.46  µg mL−1 for Met and MHA respectively. MAMwith The R.S.D. was 4.4 and 7.3% (C = 10  µg mL−1, n = 5) for Met and MHA respectively. Good linear relationships exist for peak area counts versus the amount of Met and MHA (Fig. 3). The regression equation for calibration curves for Met was Y = 209551x + 296453 with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9983 and for MHA was Y = 182603x + 294054with correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9995 where Y is the peak area counts and x is the concentration (ppm) of analyte. Table 3 Recovery of Met or MHA from pure metal chelates complex. a: n = 4 Fig.3. Calibration curves for MHA and Met analysis. Method evaluation For evaluation of the described method, the recovery of Met or MHA from pure Met or MHA metal-chelates were determined (Table 3). The results show good agreement between the results of the mentioned method and the value which declared by the producers. The precision was determined by calculating the relative standard deviation of four analyses for each condition. The method also was applied for simultaneous extraction and determination of different forms of Met and MHA from compounded feed. As shown in Table 4, the obtained results prove a good agreement of the mean content of Met or MHA in mixtures with the declaration. Table 4 Simultaneous determination of different forms of Met and MHA from compounded feed. Table 5 Content of Met or MHA in the analyzed industrial feed mixtures (g/Kg). a: n = 4 In order to evaluate the effect of typical sample matrix, numerous industrial feed samples, which their Met or MHA content declared by the producer, originating from Iran, Germany, Italy and France was qualitatively examined. The results (Table 5) show a good agreement between the obtained mean content with the declaration of free or metal-chelate form of Met or MHA in industrial feed mixtures. Basing on the above results, the usefulness of the described method for determination of the Met and MHA in form of free or in forms of metal-chelates in feed mixtures can be stated. Discussion The solubility of DL-methionine in aqueous solutions increases 5-fold (176.0 Vs 33.8 g L-1) when temperature is increased from 25 to 100 oC [17,18]. Different temperatures (25-120 oC) in different period of times (5 min -3 hours) was examined to evaluation of the effects of temperature and heating time in simultaneous extraction of Met and MHA in free or metal-chelate forms. The temperature and the time of extraction have inverse effects on extraction efficiency of both analyts. When temperature increases, the time required for maximum extraction of both analyts decrease and vise versa. By performing analysis of variance (ANOVA) and student t-test between different conditions (different temperature and time) the three conditions: autoclave 120 oC for 5 min, oven 90 oC for 20 min and room temperature for 3 hours had no significant differences ( p > 0.05) in extraction efficiency of Met and MHA in free forms (as shown in Table 2). But extraction in room temperature significantly had lo wer recovery in metal-chelate form of Met and MHA. Therefore, for simultaneous extraction of Met and MHA in free or metal-chelate forms, the 90 oC for 20 min was chosen. pH can play a unique role on metal–chelate formation or releasing of metal from metal-chelates [19]. Experiments have shown DL- methionine extraction recoveries obtained with hydrochloric acid and with distilled water at ambient temperature are not statistically different [20]. Therefore the extraction of Met and MHA in free forms could be done with distilled water at 90 oC for 20 min. The application of this procedure to be unsuitable for extraction of Met and MHA contained in metallic chelates. As shown in Table 1, the extraction recovery of Met and MHA in metal-chelate forms with distilled water is significantly lower (p EDTA is a stronger ligand than MHA therefore it can form more stable complex with metals and it must affect on recovery of MHA. Therefore by adding EDTA solution to the samples the recovery of MHA (> 97%) from MHA metal-chelates were significantly higher, but this has no significant effect on Met extraction recovery. Conclusion A simple, rapid and reliable method for simultaneous extraction and determination of Met and MHA in forms of free or in forms of metal-chelates in feed samples has been developed. This method can be used for analysis of free methionine or methionine hydroxy analogue as well as their metal-chelate form, from industrial feed samples without any variation. It involves a simple procedure sample preparation using 0.1 N HCl solutions and heating in autoclave or oven, which followed by addition of EDTA and acetonitrile, and quantitation by an isocratic HPLC analysis on a C18 column. References: [1] M. Korhonen, A.Vanhatalo, P. Huhtanen, J.Driry.Sci., 85 (2002) 1533. [2] D.Hoehler, M. Rademacher, R. Mosenthin, Advances in pork production, 16 (2005) 109. [4] T. L. Stanton, D. Schutz, C. 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